烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)合成途径和水稻叶片早衰

叶片是植物进行光合作用的主要场所,其衰老由内源遗传发育信号和外界环境胁迫所启动,是一个非常复杂有序的调控过程。烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD)是脱氢酶的辅酶,在糖酵解、糖异生、三羧酸循环以及呼吸链等代谢中发挥着不可替代的作用。最新研究表明,水稻NAD生物合成参与调控沉默信息调控因子Sirtuins的生物活性、组蛋白H3K9去乙酰化、植物激素茉莉酸(JA)和叶片衰老。本文综述了有关水稻叶片衰老的细胞生理特征、Sirtuins酶活、NAD生物合成以及水稻早衰的OsSRT1-NAD调控途径和OsSRT1-Me OH-JA调控途径,以期阐明水稻叶片衰老的分子机理及其调控途径,为高产育种提供相应的理论参考。     

马铃薯晚疫病菌效应子PITG_16427.2的基因序列分析及功能验证

 马铃薯晚疫病的病原是致病疫霉菌(Phytophthora infestans),该病原菌在侵染马铃薯过程中分泌大量RxLR型效应子,但目前绝大多数RxLR效应子的功能和作用机制尚不明确。本研究成功克隆了致病疫霉菌的一个RxLR效应子PITG_16427.2,在本氏烟中瞬时表达PITG_16427.2,发现该效应子能够抑制6种激发子(INF1、PsojNIP、BAX、SIF2、Avh238、Avh241)激发的植物免疫反应。进一步研究发现,效应子PITG_16427.2在晚疫病菌侵染马铃薯早期上调表达。在15个致病疫霉菌株和3个同属菌株中克隆该基因,克隆到氨基酸序列一致性超过93%的同源基因,这些同源基因均能在本氏烟中抑制INF1和Avh241引起的HR,揭示了该效应子在病原卵菌中序列和功能的高度保守性。在本氏烟和马铃薯感病品种Désirée中瞬时表达PITG_16427.2,发现该效应子能够显著促进晚疫病菌的侵染。通过qRT-PCR方法检测发现,乙烯信号的相关基因ERF1显著上调,而水杨酸信号相关基因PR1b显著下调,表明PITG_16427.2在晚疫病菌侵染过程中可抑制寄主的SA信号途径,促进晚疫病菌侵染。因此,RxLR型效应子PITG_16427.2是致病疫霉菌中一个重要的侵染致病因子。     

光氮互作对芹菜幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

光质和施氮量是影响芹菜生长发育的关键因素,适宜的光氮组合能有效提升芹菜幼苗质量。为优化芹菜工厂化育苗,本试验设置2种光质(白光,W;蓝光,B)和2种施氮量(8mmol/L KNO_3,高氮,H;4mmol/L KNO_3,低氮,L),以WH为对照,研究光氮互作对芹菜幼苗生长、生理代谢和元素积累的影响。结果表明:与WH相比,WL和BH处理的芹菜全株干重分别显著减少43.18%和55.07%,WL处理的叶片和叶柄中硝酸盐、可溶性蛋白质和总游离氨基酸质量分数均显著降低,BH处理的叶片和叶柄中硝酸盐、可溶性蛋白质和矿质元素质量分数显著增加,而叶片中可溶性糖、丙氨酸族和丝氨酸族氨基酸质量分数均显著降低。然而BL处理的芹菜全株干重比WH显著增加32.18%,叶片可溶性蛋白质、叶柄组氨酸(His)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数均显著增加。利用隶属函数分析对芹菜幼苗生长发育进行综合评价发现,BL处理表现最优。综上所述,蓝光和低氮组合能促进芹菜干物质积累,提高可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸质量分数,进而促进芹菜幼苗生长发育。     

应用响应面优化辣木γ-氨基丁酸富集工艺研究

通过富集方式和干燥方法的单因素实验,最陡爬坡试验和响应面设计,优化辣木鲜叶γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的富集工艺。建立的辣木鲜叶中GABA最适富集条件为辣木鲜叶在45℃下,真空处理34 h,然后50℃干燥。该条件处理的辣木GABA含量为(19.70±0.16)mg/g,是对照的2.63倍。     

不同贮藏温度和保鲜处理对黄秋葵贮藏品质及生理的影响

为探讨采后不同贮藏温度对黄秋葵贮藏品质的影响以及不同保鲜剂对黄秋葵抗氧化酶活性的影响，以台湾“五福”黄秋葵为试材，分别置于低温（（4±1）℃、（9±1）℃、（14±1）℃）和常温（（20±1）℃）条件下贮藏，研究温度对其贮藏品质的影响；采用1.0%壳聚糖、5.0 mmol/L水杨酸、0.5片安喜布、5%O2+8%CO2处理黄秋葵，研究保鲜处理对其抗氧化酶活力的影响。结果表明：（9±1）℃贮藏组的保鲜效果最好，显著改善了贮藏期间黄秋葵的失重率、硬度、叶绿素含量、VC含量、L值、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、MDA含量、细胞膜相对电导率；4种保鲜处理均能显著提高黄秋葵的SOD、POD、CAT活性，并维持其活性在相对较高的水平；同时，显著抑制黄秋葵果实MDA含量的升高。通过研究发现，壳聚糖涂膜液处理组的效果最佳，水杨酸处理组次之并优于1-MCP处理组，气调处理组的效果相对较差。     

Effect of chlorogenic acid on intestinal inflammation,antioxidant status,and microbial community of young hens challenged with acute heat stress

Heat stress in poultry is deleterious to productive performance. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) exerts antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental CGA on the intestinal health and cecal microbiota composition of young hens challenged with acute heat stress. 100-day-old Hy-line brown pullets were randomly divided into four groups. The control group (C) and heat stress group (HS) received a basal diet. HS + CGA₃₀₀ group and HS + CGA₆₀₀ group received a basal diet supplemented with 300- and 600-mg/kg CGA, respectively, for 2 weeks before heat stress exposure. Pullets of HS, HS + CGA₃₀₀, and HS + CGA₆₀₀ group were exposed to 38°C for 4 h while the control group was maintained at 25°C. In this study, dietary CGA supplementation had effect on mitigate the decreased T-AOC and T-SOD activities and the increasing of IL-1β and TNFα induced by acute heat stress. Dietary supplementation with 600 mg/kg CGA had better effect on increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera, such as Rikenellaceae RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, and Christensenellaceae R-7_group, and deceasing bacteria genera involved in inflammation, such as Sutterella species. Therefore, CGA can ameliorate acute heat stress damage through suppressing inflammation and improved antioxidant capacity and cecal microbiota composition.     

NO对大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区DA神经元的调节

实验观察了微量注射 NOS抑制剂 L -NAME及微量联合注射 NO的前体 L-精氨酸( L-Arg) L-NAME于大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区( VTA)对该部位多巴胺神经元的调节。发现VTA注射 L -NAME( 1 mg/ 5μL )后 ,伏隔核( Acb)多巴胺 ( DA )代谢产物—双羟苯乙酸( DOPAC)水平升高到注射前的 1 2 2 .5% ( P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,小剂量注射 L-NAME( 0 .2 mg/ 5μL)对伏隔核 DOPAC水平无明显影响 ;同样方法联合注射 L-Arg( 3 0 0 μg/ 5μL) L-NAME( 1 mg/5μL)后 ,伏隔核 DOPAC水平无明显变化。结论 :VTA微量注射 L-NAME兴奋了该部位的DA神经元 ,而 L -Arg L -NAME联合注射 ,却不能影响 DA神经元的活动 ,说明 NO可以通过L-Arg-NOS-NO途径参与 VTA多巴胺神经元的调节     

High frequency embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from mature caryposis of big bluestem and little bluestem

Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash.] are native to the North America and are important forage grasses and ornamental grasses. Both grasses are proposed as ideal biomass producers for cellulosic ethanol production. To apply genetic transformation, which is an important tool for incorporating desirable agronomic traits into plants to both species, however requires an efficient and reproducible regeneration protocol. We used mature caryopses from big and little bluestem as explants and tested the effect of various combinations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mg l⁻¹) and kinetin (KT) (0, 0.1 or 0.2 mg l⁻¹) on embryogenic callus induction with LS as the basal medium. The highest percentage of embryogenic calli induction occurred on medium containing 2, 4-D alone at 2 mg l⁻¹ for ‘Bison’ and on medium containing 4 mg l⁻¹ 2, 4-D alone for ‘Bonilla’ big bluestem. For little bluestem, the highest percentage of embryogenic callus induction occurred on medium containing 3 mg l⁻¹ 2, 4-D plus 0.1 mg l⁻¹ kinetin, suggesting that addition of KT is beneficial. Shoot regeneration took place on LS basal medium without any plant growth regulator for both species, although the addition of KT increased both regeneration frequency and the number of shoots produced per callus. Rooting of shoots reaching about 2 cm long occurred readily with or without α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Rooted plantlets were all successfully established in the soil.     

共轭亚油酸(CLA)对动物营养效应研究进展

本文对共轭亚油酸对动物的免疫作用、抗癌及防止动脉粥样硬化作用、抗氧化作用等进行了综述 ,重点论述了共轭亚油酸的营养再分配作用 ,并对有待继续研究的问题进行了探讨。